ꯀꯣꯜꯀꯥꯇꯥ
| ꯀꯣꯜꯀꯥꯇꯥ কলকাতা Kōlkātā (ꯕꯦꯡꯒꯂꯤ) Calcutta | |
|---|---|
| Megacity | |
ꯑꯣꯏꯊꯪꯕꯗ ꯁꯦꯟꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯜ ꯕꯤꯖꯤꯅꯦꯁ ꯗꯤꯁꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯦꯠꯊꯪꯕꯗ ꯀꯣꯜꯀꯥꯇꯥ ꯃꯥꯏꯗꯥꯟ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯀꯣꯜꯀꯥꯇꯥꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯥꯏꯂꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯠꯌꯦꯡ ꯑꯃ ꯀꯣꯜꯀꯇꯥꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯗꯨꯔꯒꯥ ꯏꯂꯥꯠꯄ High rises across EM Bypass ꯚꯤꯟꯇꯦꯖ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯝ ꯀꯣꯜꯀꯇꯥꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯁꯥꯏꯟꯁ ꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯖꯣꯗꯥꯁꯥꯪꯀꯣ ꯊꯥꯀꯨꯔ꯭ ꯕꯥꯗꯤ Eden Gardens during a match | |
| Nicknames: City of Joy, City of Castles, Gateway of Eastern India, Cultural Capital of India[꯱] | |
| Lua error in Module:Location_map at line 526: Unable to find the specified location map definition: "Module:Location map/data/India West Bengal" does not exist. | |
| Coordinates: ꯇꯦꯝꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ:Wikidatacoord | |
| Country |  India |
| State |  West Bengal |
| Division | Presidency |
| District | Kolkata |
| Government | |
| • ꯃꯈꯜ | Municipal Corporation |
| • ꯃꯁꯥ | Kolkata Municipal Corporation |
| • Mayor | Firhad Hakim |
| • Deputy Mayor | Atin Ghosh |
| • Sheriff | Mani Shankar Mukherjee |
| • Police commissioner | Manoj Kumar Verma |
| Area[꯲][꯳] | |
| • Megacity | ২০৬.০৮ km২ (৭৯.১৫১ sq mi) |
| • ꯃꯦꯇ꯭ꯔꯣ | ১,৮৮৬.৬৭ km২ (৭২৮.৪৫ sq mi) |
| Elevation | ৯ m (৩০ ft) |
| Population [꯲][꯴][꯵] | |
| • Megacity | ২০১১ census: Decrease ৪,৪৯৬,৬৯৪ ২০২৫ estimate:  ৬,৫৭৭,০০০ |
| • Density | ৩০,০০০/km২ (Bad rounding here৭৮,০০০/sq mi) |
| • Metro[꯶][꯷][꯸] | ২০১১ census: ১৪,১১২,৫৩৬ (metro) ১৪,৬১৭,৮৮২ (Extended UA) ২০২৫ estimate: ২০,৫৩৪,০০০ (metro) |
| • City rank | ৭th in India |
| • Metro rank | ৩rd in India ২nd in Bengal region ১৩th in Asia ১৬th in the world |
| Languages | |
| • Official | Bengaliꯇꯦꯝꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ:*English[꯹] |
| Time zone | UTC+05:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 700 xxx |
| Telephone code | +91 33 |
| Vehicle registration | WB-01 to WB-10 |
| UN/LOCODE | IN CCU |
| Metro GDP (PPP) | ꯇꯦꯝꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ:IncreasePositive $220 billion (2024)[꯱꯰] |
| HDI |  0.906[꯱꯱]
Very High |
| International airports | Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport (CCU) |
| Transit | Rapid Transit: Kolkata Metro Commuter rail: Kolkata Suburban Railway Other(s): Kolkata Tram |
| Metropolitan region authority | Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority |
| ꯋꯦꯕꯁꯥꯏꯠ | kmcgov.in |
| ꯇꯦꯝꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ:Designation list | |
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- ↑ Cite ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedKolkata_Culture - 1 2 "ꯑꯃꯥ District Census Handbook – Kolkata", ꯑꯃꯥ Census of India, The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, ꯂꯃꯥꯏ: ꯴꯳, ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕꯗꯥ ꯱꯸ ꯑꯣꯛꯇꯣꯕꯔ ꯲꯰꯱꯶ꯗꯥ ꯁꯪꯒ꯭ꯔꯍꯤꯕ, ꯆꯤꯡꯊꯣꯔꯛꯄ ꯱꯳ ꯃꯦ ꯲꯰꯱꯶꯫
- ↑ "ꯑꯃꯥ Basic Statistics of Kolkata", ꯑꯃꯥ Kolkata Municipal Corporation, ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕꯗꯥ ꯲ ꯑꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯜ ꯲꯰꯱꯵ꯗꯥ ꯁꯪꯒ꯭ꯔꯍꯤꯕ, ꯆꯤꯡꯊꯣꯔꯛꯄ ꯳ ꯖꯥꯅꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯲꯰꯱꯸꯫
- ↑ "ꯑꯃꯥ Kolkata Municipal Corporation Demographics", Census of India, ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕꯗꯥ ꯱꯷ ꯑꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯜ ꯲꯰꯲꯱ꯗꯥ ꯁꯪꯒ꯭ꯔꯍꯤꯕ, ꯆꯤꯡꯊꯣꯔꯛꯄ ꯳ ꯖꯨꯟ ꯲꯰꯱꯶꯫
- ↑ "ꯑꯃꯥ Kolkata City Population 2024 | Literacy and Hindu Muslim Population", ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕꯗꯥ ꯱꯸ ꯐꯦꯕ꯭ꯔꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯲꯰꯲꯳ꯗꯥ ꯁꯪꯒ꯭ꯔꯍꯤꯕ, ꯆꯤꯡꯊꯣꯔꯛꯄ ꯱꯰ ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔ ꯲꯰꯲꯳꯫
- ↑ Cite ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedkolkatauapop2011 - ↑ "ꯑꯃꯥ INDIA STATS: Million plus cities in India as per Census 2011", ꯑꯃꯥ Press Information Bureau, Mumbai, National Informatics Centre, ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕꯗꯥ ꯳꯰ ꯖꯨꯟ ꯲꯰꯱꯵ꯗꯥ ꯁꯪꯒ꯭ꯔꯍꯤꯕ, ꯆꯤꯡꯊꯣꯔꯛꯄ ꯲꯰ ꯑꯒꯁ꯭ꯇ ꯲꯰꯱꯵꯫
- ↑ "ꯑꯃꯥ Calcutta, India Metro Area Population 1950-2024 | MacroTrends", ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕꯗꯥ ꯱꯰ ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔ ꯲꯰꯲꯳ꯗꯥ ꯁꯪꯒ꯭ꯔꯍꯤꯕ, ꯆꯤꯡꯊꯣꯔꯛꯄ ꯱꯰ ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔ ꯲꯰꯲꯳꯫
- ↑ —"ꯑꯃꯥ Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 47th report (July 2008 to June 2010)", Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India, ꯂꯃꯥꯏ: 122–126, ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕꯗꯥ ꯱꯳ ꯃꯦ ꯲꯰꯱꯲ꯗꯥ ꯁꯪꯒ꯭ꯔꯍꯤꯕ, ꯆꯤꯡꯊꯣꯔꯛꯄ ꯱꯶ ꯐꯦꯕ꯭ꯔꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯲꯰꯱꯲꯫
—"Official language status for Urdu in some West Bengal areas" (in en-IN)꯫ The Hindu꯫ 3 April 2012 ꯫
—"Multi-lingual Bengal"꯫ 11 December 2012 ꯫
—Roy, Anirban (꯲꯷ ꯃꯦ ꯲꯰꯱꯱), "ꯑꯃꯥ West Bengal to have six more languages for official use", India Today, ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕꯗꯥ ꯸ ꯑꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯜ ꯲꯰꯲꯲ꯗꯥ ꯁꯪꯒ꯭ꯔꯍꯤꯕ, ꯆꯤꯡꯊꯣꯔꯛꯄ ꯱꯴ ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔ ꯲꯰꯲꯰꯫ - ↑ "ꯑꯃꯥ List of Metropolitan Cities In India 2024", ꯲꯰꯲꯳-꯰꯳-꯳꯱, ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕꯗꯥ ꯲꯵ ꯁꯦꯞꯇꯦꯝꯕꯔ ꯲꯰꯲꯴ꯗꯥ ꯁꯪꯒ꯭ꯔꯍꯤꯕ, ꯆꯤꯡꯊꯣꯔꯛꯄ ꯲꯰꯲꯳-꯰꯹-꯱꯳꯫
- ↑ Ghosh, Tanusree (꯱꯱ ꯑꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯜ ꯲꯰꯲꯳), "ꯑꯃꯥ Gender Ineqality in Education as Determinant Of Regional Disparity: A District Level Analysis of the State of West Bengal, India", ꯑꯃꯥ International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention 12 (4): 26 – www.ijhssi.orgꯅ꯫
ꯀꯣꯜꯀꯥꯇꯥ, ꯀꯦꯜꯀꯥꯇꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯅꯁꯨ ꯈꯪꯅꯕ (꯲꯰꯰꯱ ꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ), ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯠ ꯋꯦꯁꯠ ꯕꯦꯡꯒꯜꯒꯤ ꯀꯣꯅꯨꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈ꯭ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯎꯕ ꯁꯍꯔꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯍꯨꯒꯂꯤ ꯇꯨꯔꯦꯂꯒꯤ ꯅꯣꯡꯄꯣꯛ ꯊꯪꯕꯥ ꯁꯔꯨꯛꯇꯥ ꯂꯩ, ꯸꯰ ꯀꯤm (꯲,꯶꯰,꯰꯰꯰ ft) ꯕꯉ꯭ꯒꯂꯥꯗꯦꯁꯀꯥ ꯉꯃꯈꯩꯒꯤ ꯅꯣꯡꯆꯨꯞ ꯊꯪꯕꯥ ꯁꯔꯨꯛꯇꯥ . ꯃꯁꯤ ꯅꯣꯡꯄꯣꯛ ꯊꯪꯕꯥ ꯂꯃꯗꯃꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯃꯥꯔꯤ ꯐꯥꯏꯅꯥꯟꯁꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯝꯃꯔꯁꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯁꯦꯟꯇꯔꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯋꯥꯡ ꯅꯣꯡꯄꯣꯛ ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯀꯤ ꯒꯦꯠꯋꯦꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯀꯣꯜꯀꯥꯇꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯀꯤ ꯷ꯁꯨꯕꯥ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯁꯍꯔꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯄꯔ ꯃꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯴.꯵ꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯅꯔꯤ꯫ ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯌꯟ (꯰.꯴꯵ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯣꯔ) ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯦꯠꯔꯣꯄꯣꯂꯤꯇꯥꯟ ꯔꯤꯖꯟ ꯀꯣꯜꯀꯥꯇꯥ ꯃꯦꯠꯔꯣꯄꯣꯂꯤꯇꯥꯟ ꯑꯦꯔꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯀꯤ ꯑꯍꯨꯃꯁꯨꯕꯥ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯇꯤꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯦꯠꯔꯣꯄꯣꯂꯤꯇꯥꯟ ꯔꯤꯖꯅꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯦꯠꯔꯣ ꯄꯣꯄꯨꯂꯦꯁꯟ ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯌꯟ ꯱꯵ (ꯀꯣꯇꯤ ꯱.꯵) ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯀꯣꯜꯀꯥꯇꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯣꯔꯁ ꯀꯌꯥꯅꯥ ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯀꯤ ꯀꯂꯆꯔꯦꯜ ꯀꯦꯄꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯅꯩ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯉ꯭ꯒꯥꯂꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯥ ꯂꯃꯗꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯂꯆꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯁꯍꯔ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫ [꯱]
ꯀꯣꯜꯀꯥꯇꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯕꯥ ꯈꯨꯉ꯭ꯒꯪ ꯑꯍꯨꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯨꯒꯂꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯕꯉ꯭ꯒꯥꯂꯒꯤ ꯅꯋꯥꯕꯅꯥ ꯁꯥꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯫ ꯅꯋꯥꯕꯅꯥ ꯏꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯀꯝꯄꯦꯅꯤꯗꯥ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯶꯹꯰ ꯗꯥ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯗꯤꯡ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯦꯟꯁ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ [꯲] ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯝꯄꯦꯅꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯐꯣꯔꯠ ꯋꯤꯂꯤꯌꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯃꯒꯠꯈꯤ꯫ ꯅꯋꯥꯕ ꯁꯤꯔꯥꯖ ꯎꯗ-ꯗꯧꯂꯥꯅꯥ ꯱꯷꯵꯶ꯇꯥ ꯐꯣꯔꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯅꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯖꯦꯅꯔꯦꯜ ꯃꯤꯔ ꯖꯥꯐꯔꯅꯥ ꯀꯝꯄꯦꯅꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯟꯊꯦꯡꯅꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯱꯷꯵꯷ꯇꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯁꯦꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯅꯐꯃꯗꯥ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯕꯥ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯅꯋꯥꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯅꯈꯤ꯫ ꯀꯝꯄꯦꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯎꯟ ꯔꯨꯂꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯀꯣꯜꯀꯥꯇꯥꯅꯥ ꯱꯹꯱꯱ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕꯥ ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯀꯤ ꯗꯦ ꯐꯦꯛꯇꯣ ꯀꯦꯄꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ꯫ ꯀꯣꯜꯀꯥꯇꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯕ꯭ꯔꯤꯇꯤꯁ ꯏꯝꯄꯥꯌꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕꯥ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯎꯕꯥ ꯁꯍꯔꯅꯤ, ꯂꯟꯗꯅꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ, [꯳] ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯇꯥ ꯕ꯭ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯛꯔꯦꯁꯤ, ꯄꯣꯂꯤꯇꯤꯛꯁ, ꯂꯣ, ꯑꯦꯖꯨꯀꯦꯁꯟ, ꯁꯥꯏꯟꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯥꯔꯇꯀꯤ ꯁꯦꯟꯇꯔ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯁꯍꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯕꯦꯉ꯭ꯒꯂꯤ ꯔꯤꯅꯦꯁꯦꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯐꯤꯒꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯨꯕꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯀꯌꯥꯒꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯔꯝꯃꯤ . ꯃꯁꯤ ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯀꯤ ꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯂꯤꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯃꯨꯕꯃꯦꯟꯇꯀꯤ ꯍꯣꯠꯕꯦꯗ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ .
꯱꯹꯴꯷ꯇꯥ ꯕꯉ꯭ꯒꯥꯜ ꯈꯥꯌꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯁꯍꯔ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯨꯃꯗꯥ ꯑꯀꯥꯌꯕꯥ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ꯫ ꯱꯹꯴꯷ꯇꯥ ꯅꯤꯡꯇꯝꯕꯥ ꯐꯪꯂꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯀꯤ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛ, ꯀꯂꯆꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯥꯖꯅꯤꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯕꯥ ꯀꯣꯜꯀꯥꯇꯥꯅꯥ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯇꯔꯥꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯖꯤꯡ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯔꯥꯖꯅꯤꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯍꯤꯡꯁꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯜ-ꯊꯨꯃꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝ ꯐꯒꯠꯂꯀꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯈꯤ꯫ ꯂꯥ ꯲꯰ꯁꯨꯕꯥ ꯆꯍꯤꯆꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕꯗꯥ, ꯁꯍꯔ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯱꯹꯷꯱ꯗꯥ ꯕꯉ꯭ꯒꯂꯥꯗꯦꯁꯀꯤ ꯂꯤꯕꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯋꯥꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯕꯉ꯭ꯒꯂꯥꯗꯦꯁꯀꯤ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔ-ꯏꯟ-ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯥꯏꯂꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ꯫ ꯱꯹꯴꯷ꯇꯥ ꯚꯥꯔꯠ ꯈꯥꯌꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯇꯔꯥꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯖꯤꯡ ꯀꯌꯥꯗꯥ ꯏꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯕꯦꯉ꯭ꯒꯜ (ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯕꯉ꯭ꯒꯂꯥꯗꯦꯁ)ꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯤꯟꯗꯨ ꯔꯤꯐꯤꯎꯖꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯏꯆꯥꯎꯅꯥ ꯊꯨꯃꯖꯤꯅꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯂꯃꯗꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯔꯥꯖꯅꯤꯇꯤꯕꯨ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯇꯥꯀꯈꯤ꯫ [꯴] [꯵] ꯁꯍꯔ ꯑꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯀꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯎꯕꯥ ꯁꯍꯔ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯃꯨꯝꯕꯥꯏ (ꯍꯥꯟꯅꯅꯥ ꯕꯣꯝꯕꯦ)ꯅꯥ ꯊꯨꯒꯥꯏꯈꯤ꯫
ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯡꯆꯥꯡ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯁꯍꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯀꯣꯜꯀꯥꯇꯥꯒꯤ ꯀꯜꯆꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ, ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯅꯥ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯕ ꯃꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ (ꯄꯥꯔꯥ) ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯏꯜ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕ (ꯑꯥꯗ꯭ꯗꯥ) ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯤ꯫ ꯀꯣꯜꯀꯥꯇꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯥꯔꯀꯤꯇꯦꯀꯆꯔꯗꯥ ꯚꯤꯛꯇꯣꯔꯤꯌꯥ ꯃꯦꯃꯣꯔꯤꯌꯦꯜ, ꯍꯥꯑꯣꯔꯥ ꯊꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯗ ꯍꯣꯇꯦꯜ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯅꯥ ꯏꯝꯄꯤꯔꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯂꯦꯟꯗꯃꯥꯔꯛ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯔꯤ꯫ ꯁꯍꯔ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯔꯤꯇꯦꯖ ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯀꯤ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯥ ꯉꯥꯏꯔꯕꯥ ꯆꯥꯏꯅꯥꯇꯥꯎꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯖꯨꯗꯤꯁꯤꯌꯔꯤ, ꯑꯥꯔꯃꯦꯅꯤꯌꯥꯟ, ꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯉ꯭ꯒꯂꯣ-ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯟ ꯀꯝꯝꯌꯨꯅꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯦꯝꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯔꯤ꯫ ꯁꯍꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯚꯗ꯭ꯔꯂꯣꯛ ꯀꯂꯆꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯦꯉ꯭ꯒꯂꯤ ꯍꯤꯟꯗꯨ, ꯕꯦꯉ꯭ꯒꯂꯤ ꯃꯨꯁ꯭ꯂꯤꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯕꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯔꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯛꯔꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯅꯥ ꯕꯉ꯭ꯒꯥꯂꯒꯤ ꯖꯃꯤꯟꯗꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯅꯛꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ꯫ ꯁꯍꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕꯅꯥ ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯀꯤ ꯀꯂꯆꯔꯦꯜ ꯀꯦꯄꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯅꯩ꯫
ꯀꯣꯜꯀꯥꯇꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯏꯟꯁꯇꯤꯠꯌꯨꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯌꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯗꯦꯃꯤ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯐꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯥꯔꯇꯁ, ꯑꯦꯁꯤꯌꯥꯇꯤꯛ ꯁꯣꯁꯥꯏꯇꯤ, ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯟ ꯃ꯭ꯌꯨꯖꯤꯌꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯂꯥꯏꯕ꯭ꯔꯦꯔꯤ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯔꯤ꯫ ꯈꯥ ꯑꯦꯁꯤꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯣꯗꯔꯟ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯀꯂꯀꯥꯇꯥ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕꯥ ꯀꯣꯂꯦꯖꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯈꯥ ꯑꯦꯁꯤꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯀꯣꯛ ꯊꯣꯡꯕꯥ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯀꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯇꯣꯂꯤꯎꯗ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯈꯉꯅꯕꯥ ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯀꯤ ꯕꯦꯉ꯭ꯒꯂꯤ ꯐꯤꯜꯃ ꯏꯟꯗꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯟꯇꯔꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯁꯥꯏꯟꯇꯤꯐꯤꯛ ꯏꯟꯁꯇꯤꯠꯌꯨꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯀꯣꯜꯀꯥꯇꯥꯗꯥ ꯖꯤꯑꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯁꯔꯚꯦ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ, ꯕꯣꯇꯥꯅꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯁꯔꯚꯦ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ, ꯀꯂꯀꯥꯇꯥ ꯃꯦꯊꯃꯦꯇꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯁꯣꯁꯥꯏꯇꯤ, ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯟ ꯁꯥꯏꯟꯁ ꯀꯪꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯁ ꯑꯦꯁꯣꯁꯤꯑꯦꯁꯟ, ꯖꯨꯂꯣꯖꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯁꯔꯚꯦ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ, ꯍꯣꯔꯇꯤꯀꯂꯆꯔꯦꯜ ꯁꯣꯁꯥꯏꯇꯤ, ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯅꯤꯌꯔꯁ ꯏꯟꯁꯇꯤꯠꯌꯨꯁꯟ, ꯑꯦꯟꯊ꯭ꯔꯣꯄꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯁꯔꯚꯦ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯟ ꯄꯕ꯭ꯂꯤꯛ ꯍꯦꯜꯊ ꯑꯦꯁꯣꯁꯤꯑꯦꯁꯟ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯔꯤ꯫ ꯄꯣꯔꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯀꯣꯜꯀꯥꯇꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯀꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯇꯤꯡ ꯄꯣꯔꯇꯅꯤ꯫ ꯅꯣꯕꯦꯜ ꯃꯅꯥ ꯐꯪꯂꯕꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯣꯕꯦꯜ ꯃꯦꯃꯣꯔꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯃꯅꯥ ꯐꯪꯂꯕꯥ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯁꯍꯔ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ꯫ ꯑꯆꯧꯕꯥ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯤꯀꯦꯠ ꯚꯦꯟꯌꯨꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯆꯥꯏꯖꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯌꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯁꯨ, ꯀꯣꯜꯀꯥꯇꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯁꯣꯁꯤꯑꯦꯁꯟ ꯐꯨꯇꯕꯣꯂꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯟꯇꯔ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯅꯥ ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯇꯥ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤ꯫ ꯀꯣꯜꯀꯥꯇꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯃꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯔꯤꯇꯦꯖꯗꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯌꯨꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯀꯣꯅꯥ ꯁꯀꯈꯉꯂꯕꯥ ꯍꯤꯟꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯀꯨꯝꯃꯩ ꯗꯨꯔꯒꯥ ꯄꯨꯖꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯧꯕꯥ ꯁꯦꯂꯦꯕ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯈꯉꯅꯩ꯫ ꯀꯣꯜꯀꯥꯇꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ''ꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯖꯌ'' ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥꯁꯨ ꯈꯉꯅꯩ ꯫ [꯶]
ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯂꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ
[ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯂꯨ | ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯂꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ]- ↑ Calcutta: a cultural and literary history. Signal Books.
- ↑ (April 2008) Calcutta: a cultural history. Northampton, Massachusetts, US: Interlink Books, 9–10. ISBN 978-1-56656-721-3.Dutta, K.; Desai, A. (April 2008). Calcutta: a cultural history. Northampton, Massachusetts, US: Interlink Books. pp. 9–10. ISBN 978-1-56656-721-3.
- ↑ (2 August 2001) The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire. Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ Talbot, Ian; Singh, Gurharpal (꯲꯰꯰꯹), ꯑꯃꯥ The Partition of India, Cambridge University Press, ꯂꯃꯥꯏ: 115–117, ISBN 978-0-521-67256-6, ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕꯗꯥ ꯱꯱ ꯃꯥꯔꯆ ꯲꯰꯲꯳ꯗꯥ ꯁꯪꯒ꯭ꯔꯍꯤꯕ, ꯆꯤꯡꯊꯣꯔꯛꯄ ꯱꯵ ꯑꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯜ ꯲꯰꯲꯳꯫Talbot, Ian; Singh, Gurharpal (2009), The Partition of India, Cambridge University Press, pp. 115–117, ISBN 978-0-521-67256-6, archived from the original on 11 March 2023, retrieved 15 April 2023
- ↑ Tan, Tai Yong; Kudaisya, Gyanesh (꯲꯰꯰꯲), ꯑꯃꯥ The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia, Taylor & Francis, ꯂꯃꯥꯏ: 172–175, ISBN 978-0-203-45060-4꯫Tan, Tai Yong; Kudaisya, Gyanesh (2002) [2000], The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia, Taylor & Francis, pp. 172–175, ISBN 978-0-203-45060-4
- ↑ "Kolkata city of joy" ꯫
- ↑ Cite ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ: Invalid
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