ꯀ꯭ꯋꯥꯟꯇꯝ
ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯛꯁꯇ, 'ꯀ꯭ꯋꯥꯟꯇꯝ' (pl.: quanta) ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯏꯇꯔꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯟꯇꯤꯇꯤ (ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯄꯔꯇꯤ) ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯗꯕ ꯆꯥꯡꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯒꯨꯟ ꯑꯃ "ꯀ꯭ꯋꯥꯟꯇꯥꯏꯖ" ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ "ꯀ꯭ꯋꯟꯇꯥꯏꯖꯦꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯄꯣꯖꯤꯁ" ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯪꯅꯩ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄꯗꯤ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯄꯔꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯦꯒꯅꯤꯆꯨꯗ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯀ꯭ꯋꯥꯟꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯏꯟꯇꯤꯖꯔ ꯃꯜꯇꯤꯄꯜꯁ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯗꯤꯁꯀ꯭ꯔꯤꯠ ꯚꯦꯜꯌꯨꯁꯤꯡ ꯈꯛꯇ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫ ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ, ꯐꯣꯇꯣꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯤꯀ꯭ꯋꯦꯟꯁꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ (ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯃꯦꯒꯅꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯗꯤꯑꯦꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ) ꯃꯩꯒꯤ ꯀ꯭ꯋꯥꯟꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯇꯧ ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ, ꯑꯦꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯏꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯈꯔꯈꯛꯇꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫ ꯑꯦꯇꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅ ꯂꯦꯞꯄ ꯂꯩꯇꯅ ꯂꯩ ꯃꯔꯝꯗꯤ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯦꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯇꯣꯈꯥꯏ ꯅꯥꯏꯗꯕ ꯏꯅꯔꯖꯤꯒꯤ ꯊꯥꯛ ꯈꯛꯇꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫ ꯀ꯭ꯋꯥꯟꯇꯥꯏꯖꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀ꯭ꯋꯥꯟꯇꯝ ꯃꯦꯀꯥꯅꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯄꯥꯛ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯕ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯛꯁꯀꯤ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯏꯅꯔꯖꯤꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯂꯦꯞꯄ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯣꯠꯅ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯗ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯏꯊꯤꯜ (ꯀ꯭ꯋꯥꯟꯇꯝ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯗꯥꯏꯅꯥꯃꯤꯛꯁ) ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯈꯪꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫
ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ
[ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯂꯨ | ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯂꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ].jpg)
ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯛꯁꯇ ꯀ꯭ꯋꯥꯟꯇꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯰꯰ꯒꯤ ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔ ꯱꯴ꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯒꯠꯂꯛꯏ, ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯃꯦꯛꯁ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯟꯛ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯊꯤꯒꯠꯄꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯖꯔꯃꯟꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯁꯣꯁꯥꯏꯇꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯗꯝꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯗꯤꯁꯀ꯭ꯔꯤꯠ ꯏꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯂꯦꯕꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯍꯣꯔꯃꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯁꯤꯂꯦꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯣꯗꯦꯜ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯦꯛ ꯕꯣꯗꯤ ꯔꯦꯗꯤꯑꯦꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯊꯤꯑꯣꯔꯤꯗ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯀꯨꯏꯅ ꯆꯠꯊꯈꯤꯕ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯆꯥꯗꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯀꯣꯛꯍꯟꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯔꯤꯄꯣꯔ꯭ꯠꯇ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯟꯛꯅ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯃꯇꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯀ꯭ꯋꯥꯟꯇꯝ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯫ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯨꯠꯇ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯏꯂꯤꯃꯦꯟꯇꯔꯤ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯪꯅꯕ "ꯃꯩꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ" ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯇꯥꯛꯅꯕ ꯏꯂꯤꯃꯦꯟꯇꯥꯔꯀ꯭ꯋꯦꯟꯇꯝ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯏꯅꯔꯖꯤꯒꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯄꯤꯛꯄ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯠꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯀ꯭ꯋꯥꯟꯇꯝ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯀꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯨꯠꯇ ꯏꯅꯔꯖꯤꯑꯦꯂꯤꯃꯦꯟ, "ꯏꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯑꯦꯂꯤꯃꯦꯟꯠ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤ ꯫
ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ, ꯑꯦꯟꯅꯥꯂꯦꯟ ꯗꯔ ꯐꯤꯁꯤꯛꯇ ꯐꯣꯡꯕ ꯆꯦ ꯑꯃꯗ, ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯟꯛꯅ ꯀꯟꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟ 'ꯑꯩꯆ' ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ "ꯀ꯭ꯋꯥꯟꯇꯝ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯟ" ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯀꯧꯈꯤ (ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯰꯶ꯗ ꯑꯦꯂꯤꯃꯦꯟꯇꯦꯔ꯭ꯁ ꯋꯤꯔꯀꯨꯡꯁꯀ꯭ꯋꯥꯟꯇꯝ) ꯫ ꯆꯦ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯟꯛꯅ ꯏꯂꯤꯃꯦꯟꯇꯔꯤ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯚꯣꯒꯥꯗ꯭ꯔꯣ-ꯂꯣꯁꯃꯤꯠ ꯅꯝꯕꯔ, ꯃꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯣꯂꯤꯀꯨꯜꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯆꯞ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯃꯃꯜꯁꯤꯡꯁꯨ ꯄꯥꯎꯗꯝꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯀꯟꯁꯇꯦꯟ h ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯟꯛ ꯀꯟꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯠ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯪꯅꯩ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯊꯤꯑꯣꯔꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ, ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯟꯛꯄꯨ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯱꯸ ꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯊꯤꯗꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯛꯁꯇ ꯅꯣꯕꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯖ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ ꯫
꯱꯹꯰꯵ ꯗ ꯑꯜꯕꯔꯠ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯁꯇꯥꯏꯟ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯃꯦꯒꯅꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯗꯤꯌꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯇ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ "ꯀ꯭ꯋꯥꯟꯇ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯂꯥꯏꯠ" (ꯂꯤꯆꯠꯀ꯭ꯋꯥꯟꯇ) ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯀꯧꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯟꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯄꯣꯊꯤꯁꯤꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯟꯛꯀꯤ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯦꯛ ꯕꯣꯗꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯕ꯭ꯂꯝꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯌꯦꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯐꯣꯇꯣ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯛ ꯏꯐꯦꯛ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯐꯤꯂꯤꯞ ꯂꯦꯅꯥꯔꯗ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯎꯕ ꯚꯣꯜꯇꯦꯖꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯁꯨ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯉꯝꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯊꯨꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, "ꯏꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯀ꯭ꯋꯥꯟꯇꯝ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ <i id="mwdQ"><span about="#mwt48" class="texhtml mvar" data-cx="[{"adapted":true,"partial":false,"targetExists":true,"mandatoryTargetParams":[],"optionalTargetParams":[]}]" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Mvar","href":"./ꯇꯦꯝꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ:Mvar"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"hν"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwdg" style="font-style:italic;" typeof="mw:Transclusion">hν</span></i> ꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯍꯧꯗꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫[꯱]
ꯆꯥꯡ ꯂꯦꯞꯊꯣꯛꯄ
[ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯂꯨ | ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯂꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ]ꯀ꯭ꯋꯥꯟꯇꯥꯏꯖꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯃꯦꯒꯅꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯗꯤꯑꯦꯁꯟꯗ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯁꯨ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯐꯣꯇꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯈꯛꯇꯗ ꯊꯤꯡꯕ ꯉꯝꯗ꯭ꯔꯕ ꯃꯩꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯊꯤꯑꯣꯔꯤꯕꯨ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡꯒ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ ꯄꯨꯔꯛꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯕꯗ, ꯃꯦꯛꯁ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯟꯛꯅ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯃꯦꯒꯅꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯏꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯗꯤꯁꯀ꯭ꯔꯤꯠ ꯄꯦꯀꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒ ꯀ꯭ꯋꯥꯟꯇꯝꯗ ꯆꯨꯞꯁꯤꯜꯂꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯏ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫
ꯑꯁꯤꯁꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯕꯤꯌꯨ
[ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯂꯨ | ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯂꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ]ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯂꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ
[ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯂꯨ | ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯂꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ]- ↑ Kuhn, Thomas S. (1978). Black-body theory and the quantum discontinuity, 1894-1912. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 201. ISBN 978-0-19-502383-1.