ꯁꯤꯟ-ꯁꯥꯔꯣꯜ ꯅꯩꯅꯕ: ꯑꯃꯨꯛꯍꯟꯕꯥ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛ

ꯋꯤꯀꯤꯄꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯗꯒꯤ
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ꯂꯩ ꯏ ১: ꯂꯩ ꯏ ১:


[[File:Dampfturbine Montage01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|ꯃꯅꯤꯜ ꯎꯨꯡꯍꯟꯕ ꯀꯥꯡꯈꯣꯡ]] '''ꯃꯅꯤꯜꯅ ꯎꯨꯡꯍꯟꯕ ꯀꯥꯡꯈꯣꯡ''' ꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯨꯝ ꯍꯥꯡꯗꯣꯛꯅꯨ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ [[ꯀꯥꯡꯈꯣꯡ|ꯀꯥꯡꯈꯣꯡ]] ꯁꯤ ꯅ [[ꯃꯩ|ꯃꯩ]] ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯔꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯉꯁꯤ-ꯉꯁꯤꯃꯛ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯍꯤꯡꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯥꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯩ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯒ ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫ <ref>http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=900%7Ctitle=Electricity in Economic Growth|first=|publisher=National Academies Press|year=1986|isbn=0309036771|location=Washington, DC|pages=16, 40|quote=|postscript=<!-- Available as free .pdf download> -->|via=|last1=National Research Council; Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences; Energy Engineering Board; Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems; Committee on Electricity in Economic Growth
[[File:Dampfturbine Montage01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35| '''ꯃꯅꯤꯜꯅ ꯎꯨꯡꯍꯟꯕ ꯀꯥꯡꯈꯣꯡ''' ꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯨꯝ ꯍꯥꯡꯗꯣꯛꯅꯨ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ [[ꯀꯥꯡꯈꯣꯡ|ꯀꯥꯡꯈꯣꯡ]] ꯁꯤ ꯅ [[ꯃꯩ|ꯃꯩ]] ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯔꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯉꯁꯤ-ꯉꯁꯤꯃꯛ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯍꯤꯡꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯥꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯩ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯒ ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫]]<ref>http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=900%7Ctitle=Electricity in Economic Growth|first=|publisher=National Academies Press|year=1986|isbn=0309036771|location=Washington, DC|pages=16, 40|quote=|postscript=<!-- Available as free .pdf download> -->|via=|last1=National Research Council; Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences; Energy Engineering Board; Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems; Committee on Electricity in Economic Growth
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ꯃꯩ ꯐꯪꯍꯟꯕꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯅꯊꯥꯖꯩ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯲꯰ ꯁꯨꯕ ꯆꯥꯍꯤ ꯆꯥꯗ [[ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯟꯅꯤꯌꯥꯔꯤꯡ|ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯟꯅꯤꯌꯥꯔꯤꯡ]] ꯗ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯍꯟꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯅꯩ ꯫
ꯃꯩ ꯐꯪꯍꯟꯕꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯅꯊꯥꯖꯩ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯲꯰ ꯁꯨꯕ ꯆꯥꯍꯤ ꯆꯥꯗ [[ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯟꯅꯤꯌꯥꯔꯤꯡ|ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯟꯅꯤꯌꯥꯔꯤꯡ]] ꯗ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯍꯟꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯅꯩ ꯫
ꯂꯩ ꯏ ১৩: ꯂꯩ ꯏ ১৩:


ꯁꯤꯟ-ꯁꯥꯔꯣꯜ ꯅꯩꯅꯕ ꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯝꯅ ꯆꯝꯕ ꯑꯔꯥꯏꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯕꯗ ꯑꯔꯤꯕ [[Wt/mni/ꯃꯊꯥꯏ-ꯊꯥꯏꯅ|ꯃꯊꯥꯏ ꯊꯥꯏꯅ]] ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯕꯅ ꯈꯥꯝꯕꯤ-ꯃꯩ ꯈꯥꯝꯕꯤ-ꯃꯩ ꯕꯨ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯍꯩꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯆꯝꯕ ꯈꯨꯠꯁꯨ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯫
ꯁꯤꯟ-ꯁꯥꯔꯣꯜ ꯅꯩꯅꯕ ꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯝꯅ ꯆꯝꯕ ꯑꯔꯥꯏꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯕꯗ ꯑꯔꯤꯕ [[Wt/mni/ꯃꯊꯥꯏ-ꯊꯥꯏꯅ|ꯃꯊꯥꯏ ꯊꯥꯏꯅ]] ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯕꯅ ꯈꯥꯝꯕꯤ-ꯃꯩ ꯈꯥꯝꯕꯤ-ꯃꯩ ꯕꯨ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯍꯩꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯆꯝꯕ ꯈꯨꯠꯁꯨ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯫



==ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡ-ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟ,ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯟꯅꯤꯌꯥꯔꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯤꯟ-ꯁꯥꯔꯣꯜ ꯅꯩꯅꯕ==
==ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡ-ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟ,ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯟꯅꯤꯌꯥꯔꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯤꯟ-ꯁꯥꯔꯣꯜ ꯅꯩꯅꯕ==

꯰꯰:꯰꯸, ꯱꯹ ꯑꯒꯁ ꯲꯰꯱꯸ ꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯌꯦꯡꯕ

ꯃꯅꯤꯜꯅ ꯎꯨꯡꯍꯟꯕ ꯀꯥꯡꯈꯣꯡ ꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯨꯝ ꯍꯥꯡꯗꯣꯛꯅꯨ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯈꯣꯡ ꯁꯤ ꯅ ꯃꯩ ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯔꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯉꯁꯤ-ꯉꯁꯤꯃꯛ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯍꯤꯡꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯥꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯩ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯒ ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

[꯱]

ꯃꯩ ꯐꯪꯍꯟꯕꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯅꯊꯥꯖꯩ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯲꯰ ꯁꯨꯕ ꯆꯥꯍꯤ ꯆꯥꯗ ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯟꯅꯤꯌꯥꯔꯤꯡ ꯗ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯍꯟꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯅꯩ ꯫

ꯁꯤꯟ-ꯁꯥꯔꯣꯜ ꯅꯩꯅꯕ (Technology in english) ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯒ ꯈꯨꯠ ꯁꯥ ꯍꯩꯕꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡ-ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟ | ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯇꯨꯅ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯄ |ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡꯕ |ꯁꯤꯜꯂꯝ |ꯌꯦꯛ-ꯈꯣꯠꯄ |ꯈꯨꯠ ꯁꯥ ꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡꯍꯟꯕ ꯃꯌꯥꯝꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯈꯡꯅꯩ ꯫[꯲] ꯁꯤꯟ-ꯁꯥꯔꯣꯜ ꯅꯩꯅꯕ(Technology) ꯁꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯖꯦꯀꯣꯕ ꯕꯤꯖꯤꯂꯣ(Jacob Bigelow) ꯅ ꯱꯸꯲꯹ ꯗ ꯆꯞꯆꯥꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯃꯆꯤꯒ ꯃꯥꯟꯅ: ꯀꯔꯤꯅ ꯊꯣꯛꯍꯟꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯧꯅꯣ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯉꯝꯕ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ(Principle) ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯕꯛꯀꯤ ꯄꯔꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡ(Process) ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯊꯣꯟꯕ(Nomenclature) ꯌꯥꯝ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯆꯠꯂꯕ ꯈꯨꯠ ꯁꯥ ꯍꯩꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯅꯨꯡ ꯆꯟꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡ-ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯈꯨꯅꯥꯏꯗ ꯄꯨꯁꯤꯟꯂꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯗ ꯀꯥꯅꯍꯟꯕ ꯫ [꯳] [꯴]

  • ꯀꯔꯤꯅ ꯊꯣꯛꯍꯟꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯧꯅꯣ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯉꯝꯕ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ(Principle) ꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯁꯤ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯧꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯆꯞꯆꯥꯅ ꯃꯦꯔꯤꯌꯝ-ꯋꯦꯕꯃꯨꯁꯇꯔ ꯅ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯈꯔꯦ [꯵] ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ: "a comprehensive and fundamental law, doctrine, or assumption", "a primary source", "the laws or facts of nature underlying the working of an artificial device", "an ingredient (such as a chemical) that exhibits or imparts a characteristic quality".[꯶]
  • ꯊꯕꯛꯀꯤ ꯄꯔꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡ(Process) is a term defined current-day by the United States Patent Laws (United States Code Title 34 - Patents)[꯷] published by the United States Patent and Trade Office (USPTO)[꯸] as follows: "The term 'process' means process, art, or method, and includes a new use of a known process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, or material."[꯹]
  • ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯊꯣꯟꯕ(Nomenclature) is term defined by Merriam-Webster[꯱꯰] as: "name, designation", "the act or process or an instance of naming", "a system or set of terms or symbols especially in a particular science, discipline, or art" [꯱꯱].
  • ꯂꯩꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ(Application of Science) is a term defined current-day by the United States' National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine[꯱꯲] as: "...any use of scientific knowledge for a specific purpose, whether to do more science; to design a product, process, or medical treatment; to develop a new technology; or to predict the impacts of human actions."[꯱꯳]

ꯁꯤꯟ-ꯁꯥꯔꯣꯜ ꯅꯩꯅꯕ ꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯝꯅ ꯆꯝꯕ ꯑꯔꯥꯏꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯕꯗ ꯑꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯊꯥꯏ ꯊꯥꯏꯅ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯕꯅ ꯈꯥꯝꯕꯤ-ꯃꯩ ꯈꯥꯝꯕꯤ-ꯃꯩ ꯕꯨ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯍꯩꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯆꯝꯕ ꯈꯨꯠꯁꯨ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡ-ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟ,ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯟꯅꯤꯌꯥꯔꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯤꯟ-ꯁꯥꯔꯣꯜ ꯅꯩꯅꯕ

Antoine Lavoisier conducting an experiment with combustion generated by amplified sun light

The distinction between science, engineering, and technology is not always clear. ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡ-ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟ is systematic knowledge of the physical or material world gained through observation and experimentation.[꯱꯴] Technologies are not usually exclusively products of science, because they have to satisfy requirements such as utility, usability, and safety.[ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄ ꯋꯥꯔꯣꯜ ꯋꯥꯠꯂꯤ]

Engineering is the goal-oriented process of designing and making tools and systems to exploit natural phenomena for practical human means, often (but not always) using results and techniques from science. The development of technology may draw upon many fields of knowledge, including scientific, engineering, mathematical, linguistic, and historical knowledge, to achieve some practical result.

Technology is often a consequence of science and engineering, although technology as a human activity precedes the two fields. For example, science might study the flow of electrons in electrical conductors by using already-existing tools and knowledge. This new-found knowledge may then be used by engineers to create new tools and machines such as semiconductors, computers, and other forms of advanced technology. In this sense, scientists and engineers may both be considered technologists; the three fields are often considered as one for the purposes of research and reference.[꯱꯵]

The exact relations between science and technology in particular have been debated by scientists, historians, and policymakers in the late 20th century, in part because the debate can inform the funding of basic and applied science. In the immediate wake of World War II, for example, it was widely considered in the United States that technology was simply "applied science" and that to fund basic science was to reap technological results in due time. An articulation of this philosophy could be found explicitly in Vannevar Bush's treatise on postwar science policy, Science – The Endless Frontier: "New products, new industries, and more jobs require continuous additions to knowledge of the laws of nature ... This essential new knowledge can be obtained only through basic scientific research."[꯱꯶] In the late-1960s, however, this view came under direct attack, leading towards initiatives to fund science for specific tasks (initiatives resisted by the scientific community). The issue remains contentious, though most analysts resist the model that technology simply is a result of scientific research.[꯱꯷]Cite ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag with a brain mass approximately one third of modern humans.[꯱꯸] Tool use remained relatively unchanged for most of early human history. Approximately 50,000 years ago, the use of tools and complex set of behaviors emerged, believed by many archaeologists to be connected to the emergence of fully modern language.[꯱꯹]

ꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡS

Hand axes from the Acheulian period
A Clovis point, made via pressure flaking

Hominids started using primitive stone tools millions of years ago. The earliest stone tools were little more than a fractured rock, but approximately 75,000 years ago,[꯲꯰] pressure flaking provided a way to make much finer work.

ꯈꯥꯝꯕꯤ-ꯃꯩ(ꯃꯩ)

ꯇꯦꯝꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ:Main article The discovery and utilization of fire, a simple energy source with many profound uses, was a turning point in the technological evolution of humankind.[꯲꯱] The exact date of its discovery is not known; evidence of burnt animal bones at the Cradle of Humankind suggests that the domestication of fire occurred before 1 Ma;[꯲꯲] scholarly consensus indicates that Homo erectus had controlled fire by between 500 and 400 ka.[꯲꯳][꯲꯴] Fire, fueled with wood and charcoal, allowed early humans to cook their food to increase its digestibility, improving its nutrient value and broadening the number of foods that could be eaten.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Stahl | first= Ann B. | year=1984 | title=Hominid dietary selection bef

ꯁꯤꯖꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯉꯨ

ꯂꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ

  1. http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=900%7Ctitle=Electricity in Economic Growth|first=|publisher=National Academies Press|year=1986|isbn=0309036771|location=Washington, DC|pages=16, 40|quote=|postscript=|via=|last1=National Research Council; Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences; Energy Engineering Board; Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems; Committee on Electricity in Economic Growth
  2. Liddell (1980). A Greek-English Lexicon (Abridged Edition). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199102074. 
  3. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/emolument
  4. https://books.google.ca/books?id=ed8JAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Bigelow,+Jacob.+1829.+Elements+of+Technology&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwifiKPg1PbaAhVP5mMKHUPSC5QQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=Bigelow%2C%20Jacob.%201829.%20Elements%20of%20Technology&f=false
  5. https://www.merriam-webster.com/
  6. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/principle
  7. https://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/consolidated_laws.pdf
  8. https://www.uspto.gov/
  9. https://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/consolidated_laws.pdf
  10. https://www.merriam-webster.com/
  11. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nomenclature
  12. http://www.nationalacademies.org/
  13. https://www.nap.edu/read/13165/chapter/12
  14. Science (2016).
  15. Intute: Science, Engineering and Technology. Intute. Retrieved on 17 February 2007
  16. Bush, Vannevar (July 1945). Science the Endless Frontier. National Science Foundation.
  17. Wise, George (1985). "Science and Technology". Osiris (2nd Series). 1: 229–46. doi:10.1086/368647.
  18. Human Evolution. History Channel. Archived from the original on 23 April 2008 ꯫ Retrieved on 17 May 2008
  19. Wade꯫ Nicholas꯫ "Early Voices: The Leap to Language"꯫ The New York Times꯫ July 15, 2003 ꯫ 
  20. Bower꯫ Bruce꯫ "Stone Agers Sharpened Skills 55,000 Years Earlier Than Thought"꯫ WIRED꯫ October 29, 2010 ꯫ 
  21. Crump, Thomas (2001). A Brief History of Science. Constable & Robinson, 9. ISBN 184119235X. 
  22. Fossil Hominid Sites of Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai, and Environs. UNESCO. Retrieved on 10 March 2007
  23. Stone Age Man. History World. Retrieved on 13 February 2007
  24. James, Steven R. (February 1989). "Hominid Use of Fire in the Lower and Middle Pleistocene". Current Anthropology. 30 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1086/203705. JSTOR 2743299. (Subscription required (help)).