ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯐꯣꯅꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯜꯐꯦꯕꯦꯠ

ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯐꯣꯅꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯜꯐꯦꯕꯦꯠ
"IPA", transcribed narrowly according to Received Pronunciation as [aɪ̯ pʰiː eɪ̯]
ꯃꯈꯜ	ꯑꯜꯐꯦꯕꯦꯠ – partially featural
ꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ	Used for phonetic and phonemic transcription of any oral language
Time period	1888–present
Parent systems	Egyptian hieroglyphs Proto-Sinaitic script Phoenician alphabet Greek alphabet Latin script Lepsius Standard Alphabet Palaeotype alphabet, English Phonotypic Alphabet Romic alphabet ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯐꯣꯅꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯜꯐꯦꯕꯦꯠ
Child systems	IPA Braille, ExtIPA
Unicode range	See Phonetic symbols in Unicode § Unicode blocks

ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯐꯣꯅꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯥꯂꯐꯥꯕꯦꯠ (ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯄꯤ.ꯑꯦ.) ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯦꯇꯤꯟ ꯂꯤꯄꯤꯗꯥ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯐꯣꯅꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯅꯣꯇꯦꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯑꯂꯐꯥꯕꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯐꯣꯅꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯦꯁꯣꯁꯤꯑꯦꯁꯟꯅꯥ ꯱꯹ꯁꯨꯕꯥ ꯆꯍꯤꯆꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕꯗꯥ ꯋꯥ ꯉꯥꯡꯕꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯟꯖꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯗ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯑꯏꯕꯥ ꯔꯤꯞꯔꯖꯦꯟꯇꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯄꯤ.ꯑꯦ.ꯅꯥ ꯂꯤꯉ꯭ꯒꯨꯏꯁ꯭ꯇꯁꯤꯡ, ꯂꯦꯛꯁꯤꯀꯣꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯐꯔꯁꯤꯡ, ꯃꯄꯥꯟ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯣꯂꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯩꯔꯣꯌꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯣꯖꯥꯁꯤꯡ, ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯆ–ꯂꯦꯉ꯭ꯒꯨꯌꯦꯖ ꯄꯦꯊꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯁꯤꯡ, ꯏꯁꯩ ꯅꯣꯡꯃꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯦꯛꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ, ꯀꯟꯁꯠꯔꯛꯁꯟ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯟꯗꯣꯛꯂꯣꯌꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ꯫

ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯄꯤ.ꯑꯦ.ꯅꯥ ꯋꯥ ꯉꯥꯡꯕꯥ (ꯑꯣꯔꯦꯜ) ꯂꯣꯟꯗꯥ ꯂꯦꯛꯁꯤꯀꯦꯜ (ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ, ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯅꯦꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗꯥ, ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯁꯣꯗꯤꯛ) ꯈꯣꯟꯖꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯒꯤ ꯃꯒꯨꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯔꯤꯞꯔꯖꯦꯟꯇ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯥ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ: ꯐꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡ, ꯏꯟꯇꯣꯅꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯤꯂꯦꯕꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯅꯥ ꯊꯝꯕꯥ꯫ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯒꯤ ꯑꯍꯦꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯒꯨꯅꯁꯤꯡ – ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯤ ꯍꯥꯠꯄꯥ, ꯈꯣꯡꯎꯞ ꯁꯣꯀꯄꯥ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯦꯜ ꯌꯥꯡꯅꯥ ꯆꯦꯅꯕꯥ ꯈꯣꯡꯎꯞ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯥ ꯈꯣꯟꯖꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡ – ꯔꯤꯞꯔꯗꯛꯇ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯥ – ꯁꯤꯝꯕꯣꯂꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯥꯡꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯁꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

ꯁꯦꯒꯃꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯕꯦꯁꯤꯛ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯅꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯄꯤ.ꯑꯦ.ꯒꯤ ꯁꯤꯝꯕꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯅꯕꯅꯥ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯛꯔꯤꯄꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯏ: ꯑꯛꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯥꯏꯑꯦꯛꯔꯤꯇꯤꯛꯁ꯫ ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, ꯏꯪꯂꯤꯁꯀꯤ ꯑꯛꯁꯔ ⟨t⟩ꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯟꯖꯦꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯄꯤ.ꯑꯦ.ꯗꯥ ꯑꯛꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇꯅꯥ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯛꯔꯤꯄꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ: [t], ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯛꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯗꯥꯏꯑꯦꯛꯔꯤꯇꯤꯛꯁ: [t̺ʰ], ꯀꯅꯥꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯆꯨꯝꯅꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯥ ꯄꯥꯝꯂꯤꯕꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅꯥ꯫ ꯃꯇꯧ ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅꯥ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯑꯛꯁꯔ ⟨t⟩ ꯑꯁꯤ [t] ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ [t̻] ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯛꯔꯤꯄꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ: [t̺ʰ] ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ [t̻] ꯑꯁꯤ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯅꯕꯥ, ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯁꯨ, ꯈꯣꯟꯖꯦꯜ ꯑꯅꯤꯅꯤ꯫ ꯁ꯭ꯂꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯐꯣꯅꯦꯃꯤꯛ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯛꯔꯤꯄꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯁꯤꯒꯅꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯅꯕꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ; ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ /t/ ꯑꯁꯤ [t̺ʰ] ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ [t̻] ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯕꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯦꯛꯇ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯟꯇꯦꯛꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯣꯂꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅꯥ ꯑꯃꯕꯨꯁꯨ ꯇꯥꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

ꯃꯇꯝ ꯃꯇꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯐꯣꯅꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯦꯁꯣꯁꯤꯑꯦꯁꯟꯅꯥ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯗꯥꯏꯑꯦꯛꯔꯤꯇꯤꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯥꯄꯆꯤꯜꯂꯤ, ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯀꯏ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯣꯗꯤꯐꯥꯏ ꯇꯧꯏ꯫ ꯲꯰꯰꯵ꯗꯥ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯧꯕꯥ ꯑꯍꯣꯡꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅꯥ ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯄꯤ.ꯑꯦ.ꯗꯥ ꯁꯦꯒꯃꯦꯟꯇꯜ ꯂꯦꯇꯔ ꯱꯰꯷, ꯁꯨꯞꯔꯥꯁꯦꯒꯃꯦꯟꯇꯦꯜ ꯂꯦꯇꯔ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ, ꯗꯥꯏꯑꯦꯛꯔꯤꯇꯤꯛ ꯴꯴ (ꯀꯝꯄꯣꯖꯤꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯗꯅꯥ), ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯠꯔꯥ-ꯂꯦꯛꯁꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯁꯣꯗꯤꯛ ꯃꯥꯔꯛ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯄꯤ.ꯑꯦ.ꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯔꯠꯇꯥ, ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯥꯔꯇꯤꯀꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯐꯣꯅꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯦꯁꯣꯁꯤꯑꯦꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯋꯦꯕꯁꯥꯏꯠꯇꯥ ꯐꯣꯉꯗꯣꯛꯂꯤ꯫

ꯄꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤ

꯱꯸꯸꯶ꯇꯥ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯂꯤꯉ꯭ꯒꯨꯏꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯄꯣꯜ ꯄꯥꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯂꯨꯆꯤꯡꯕꯥ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯆ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯪꯂꯤꯁ ꯂꯣꯂꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯖꯥ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯱꯸꯹꯷ ꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯅꯥ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯐꯣꯅꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯦꯁꯣꯁꯤꯑꯦꯁꯟ (ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯆ ꯂꯣꯟꯗꯥ l’Association phonétique internationale) ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯈꯉꯅꯔꯕꯥ ꯂꯃꯗꯝ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤ꯫ ꯑꯂꯐꯥꯕꯦꯇꯀꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯣꯇꯣ ꯖꯦꯁꯄꯥꯔꯁꯦꯅꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯦꯁꯣꯁꯤꯑꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯃꯦꯝꯕꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ, ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯗꯥꯅꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯖꯣꯟꯁꯅꯥ꯫ ꯑꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯄꯤ.ꯑꯦ.ꯒꯤ ꯑꯂꯐꯥꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯔꯣꯃꯤꯛ ꯑꯥꯂꯐꯥꯕꯦꯠꯇꯥ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯅꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯍꯦꯅꯔꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯕꯤꯠꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯏꯪꯂꯤꯁꯀꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯂꯤꯡ ꯔꯤꯐꯣꯔꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯊꯪ ꯃꯊꯪ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯑꯂꯦꯀꯖꯦꯟꯗꯔ ꯖꯣꯟ ꯑꯦꯂꯤꯁꯀꯤ ꯄꯦꯂꯦꯑꯣꯇꯥꯏꯞ ꯑꯥꯂꯐꯥꯕꯦꯠꯇꯥ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯅꯤ, ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯑꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯏꯖꯤꯞꯇꯀꯤ ꯖꯔꯃꯅꯤꯗꯥ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯛꯔꯤꯄꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯗꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯂꯦꯄꯁꯤꯌꯁ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯗ ꯑꯥꯂꯐꯥꯕꯦꯠꯇꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ꯫

ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯅꯗꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯂꯣꯂꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯅꯕꯅꯤ; ꯁꯤꯝꯕꯣꯂꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯚꯦꯜꯌꯨꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯍꯅꯈꯤ꯫ ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, ꯈꯣꯟꯖꯦꯜ [ʃ] (ꯁꯣꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ sh) ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕꯗꯥ ꯏꯪꯂꯤꯁꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ⟨c⟩ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯥ ꯑꯛꯁꯔ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯔꯤꯞꯔꯖꯦꯟꯇ ꯇꯧꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯆ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯖꯔꯃꯅꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ⟨x⟩ꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯔꯤꯞꯔꯖꯦꯟꯇ ꯇꯧꯔꯝꯃꯤ; ꯖꯔꯃꯅꯤꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ, ⟨c⟩ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯕꯥꯆꯀꯤ [x] ꯈꯣꯟꯖꯦꯂꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤ꯫ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯛꯔꯤꯄꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯂꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯂꯀꯄꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯗꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯎꯕꯥ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯱꯸꯸꯸ꯗꯥ ꯆꯤꯊꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯚꯦꯜꯌꯨꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯍꯅꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯔꯤꯚꯤꯖꯟ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯕꯦꯖ ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ꯫

ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯅꯥ ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯄꯤ.ꯑꯦ.ꯗꯥ ꯔꯤꯚꯤꯖꯟ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯇꯧꯈ꯭ꯔꯦ꯫ ꯱꯸꯹꯰ꯗꯒꯤ ꯱꯹꯴꯰ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯀꯟꯅꯥ ꯔꯤꯚꯤꯖꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯄꯥꯟꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ, ꯱꯹꯸꯹ꯗꯥ ꯀꯤꯜ ꯀꯅꯚꯦꯟꯁꯟ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕꯥ ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯄꯤ.ꯑꯦ. ꯃꯤꯗ ꯁꯦꯟꯠꯔꯦꯜ ꯚꯣꯋꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯑꯛꯁꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯍꯤꯡꯒꯠꯂꯀꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯣꯟꯖꯦꯜ ꯂꯩꯇꯕꯥ ꯏꯝꯞꯂꯣꯁꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯑꯛꯁꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯔꯤꯇꯥꯌꯥꯔ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯱꯹꯹꯳ꯗꯥ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄꯥ ꯔꯤꯚꯤꯖꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯈꯤ꯫ ꯑꯂꯐꯥꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯲꯰꯰꯵ꯒꯤ ꯃꯦ ꯊꯥꯗꯥ ꯂꯦꯕꯤꯑꯣꯗꯦꯟꯇꯦꯜ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯦꯞ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯍꯥꯄꯆꯤꯟꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯔꯤꯚꯥꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ꯫ ꯁꯤꯝꯕꯣꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯥꯄꯆꯤꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯀꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇꯥ, ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯄꯤ.ꯑꯦ.ꯗꯥ ꯑꯍꯣꯡꯕꯥ ꯄꯨꯔꯀꯄꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯝꯕꯣꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯦꯇꯦꯒꯣꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯏꯄꯐꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯣꯗꯤꯐꯥꯏ ꯇꯧꯕꯗꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯈꯤ꯫

ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯆ ꯄꯦꯊꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯐꯣꯅꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯥꯂꯐꯥꯕꯦꯠ (extIPA)ꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇꯦꯟꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯱꯹꯹꯰ꯗꯥ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯱꯹꯹꯴ꯗꯥ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯤꯅꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯐꯣꯅꯦꯇꯤꯛꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯤꯉ꯭ꯒꯨꯏꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯦꯁꯣꯁꯤꯑꯦꯁꯟꯅꯥ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯗꯣꯞꯇ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ, ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯲꯰꯱꯵ꯗꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯍꯟꯊꯅꯥ ꯔꯤꯚꯥꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯲꯰꯲꯵ꯗꯥ ꯑꯍꯣꯡꯕꯥ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯂꯥꯀꯈꯤ꯫

ꯋꯥꯔꯣꯜ

ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯄꯤ.ꯑꯦ.ꯒꯤ ꯖꯦꯅꯔꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯟꯁꯤꯄꯂꯗꯤ ꯇꯣꯞ ꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯈꯣꯟꯖꯦꯜ (ꯐꯣꯅꯦꯝ) ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯑꯛꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯄꯤꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯇꯥꯀꯄꯗꯤ:

• ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯏꯪꯂꯤꯁꯇꯥ ⟨sh⟩ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ⟨ea⟩ ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅꯥ ꯑꯛꯁꯔꯒꯤ ꯀꯝꯕꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯗꯦ, ⟨x⟩ꯅꯥ ꯏꯪꯂꯤꯁꯇꯥ /ks/ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ /ɡz/ ꯔꯤꯞꯔꯖꯦꯟꯇ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯨꯝꯅꯥ ꯑꯛꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇꯃꯛ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯗꯦ꯫

• ꯀꯟꯇꯦꯛꯁꯇꯥ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯁꯥꯎꯟꯗ ꯚꯦꯜꯌꯨ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯑꯛꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ, ꯏꯪꯂꯤꯁ ⟨c⟩ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ⟨g⟩ ꯑꯁꯤ "ꯍꯥꯔꯗ" ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ "ꯁꯣꯐ꯭ꯠ" ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯅꯣꯅꯦꯁꯟ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯤ꯫

• ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯄꯤ.ꯑꯦ.ꯗꯥ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅꯥ ꯈꯣꯟꯖꯦꯜ ꯑꯅꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯛꯁꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯈꯉꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯊꯃꯗ꯭ꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ "ꯁꯦꯂꯦꯛꯇꯤꯕꯅꯦꯁ" ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯈꯉꯅꯕꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯄꯔꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫

ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯐꯣꯅꯦꯃꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯛꯁꯔ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯗꯥꯏꯑꯦꯛꯔꯤꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯉꯝꯂꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯨꯠꯇꯥ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

ꯑꯂꯐꯥꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯐꯣꯅꯦꯃꯤꯛ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯛꯔꯤꯄꯁꯅꯗꯁꯨ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯕꯁꯨ ꯐꯣꯅꯦꯝ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ, ꯈꯣꯟꯖꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡ (ꯐꯣꯟ) ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯛꯔꯤꯄꯁꯅꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯈꯣꯟꯖꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯇꯥꯀꯄꯥ ꯉꯃꯗꯕꯥ ꯑꯛꯁꯔ ꯈꯔꯗꯤ ꯔꯤꯇꯥꯌꯥꯔ ꯇꯧꯈ꯭ꯔꯦ – ⟨ˇ⟩, ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯕꯤꯗꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯣꯔꯋꯦꯒꯤ "ꯀꯝꯄꯥꯎꯟꯗ" ꯇꯣꯅꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯝꯕꯥ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ⟨ƞ⟩, ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯖꯄꯥꯅꯤꯖꯒꯤ ꯃꯣꯔꯥꯏꯛ ꯅꯥꯁꯥꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯝꯕꯥ – ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤ: ⟨ɧ⟩, ꯁ꯭ꯕꯤꯗꯦꯅꯒꯤ sj-ꯁꯥꯎꯟꯗꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯝꯕꯥ꯫ ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯄꯤ.ꯑꯦ.ꯅꯥ ꯕ꯭ꯔꯣꯗ ꯐꯣꯅꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯐꯣꯅꯦꯃꯤꯛ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯛꯔꯤꯄꯁꯅꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯀꯄꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ, ꯂꯦꯇꯔ–ꯁꯥꯎꯟꯗ ꯀꯣꯔꯁꯔꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯁꯥꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯂꯨꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯄꯤ.ꯑꯦ.ꯅꯥ ꯔꯤꯀꯃꯦꯟꯗ ꯇꯧꯈ꯭ꯔꯦ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯔꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯟꯗꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ‘ꯆꯦꯅꯕꯥ’ ꯆꯤꯊꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, [ɛ] ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ [ɔ]ꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ⟨e⟩ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ⟨o⟩, [t̪] ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ [ʈ]ꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ⟨t⟩, [ɸ]ꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ⟨f⟩, ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯆꯤꯡꯕꯥ ꯇꯁꯦꯡꯕꯗꯤ ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯄꯤ.ꯑꯦ /d͡ʒ/ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ; ꯱꯹꯴꯹ꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯟꯁꯤꯄꯂꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯇ꯭ꯕꯤꯗꯥ /t͡ɕ/ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ /d͡ʑ/ꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯁꯣꯔꯇꯀꯠ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯝꯃꯤ꯫

ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯄꯤ.ꯑꯦ.ꯒꯤ ꯁꯤꯝꯕꯣꯂꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯛꯁꯔ ꯱꯰꯷ꯅꯥ ꯀꯟꯁꯅꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯚꯣꯋꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯔꯤꯞꯔꯖꯦꯟꯇ ꯇꯧꯔꯤ, ꯗꯥꯏꯛꯔꯤꯇꯤꯛ ꯳꯱ꯅꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯣꯗꯤꯐꯥꯏ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯍꯦꯅꯕꯥ ꯁꯥꯏꯟ ꯱꯷ꯅꯥ ꯂꯝꯕꯤ, ꯇꯣꯟ, ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯦꯁ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯇꯣꯅꯦꯁꯅꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯁꯨꯞꯔꯥꯁꯦꯒꯃꯦꯟꯇꯦꯜ ꯀ꯭ꯕꯂꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤ꯫ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯔꯠ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯒꯅꯥꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯏ; ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯄꯤ.ꯑꯦ.ꯒꯤ ꯋꯦꯕꯁꯥꯏꯠꯇꯥ ꯊꯥꯔꯀꯄꯥ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯆꯥꯔꯇꯅꯤ꯫

ꯄꯥꯎꯖꯦꯜ

ꯄꯜꯃꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯀꯟꯁꯣꯅꯦꯟꯁꯤꯡ

	ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯣꯂꯦꯕꯤꯌꯥꯜ		ꯕꯥꯏꯂꯦꯕꯤꯌꯥꯜ		ꯑꯦꯟꯗꯣꯂꯦꯕꯤꯌꯥꯜ		ꯗꯦꯟꯇꯣꯂꯦꯕꯤꯌꯥꯜ		ꯂꯦꯕꯤꯑꯣꯗꯦꯟꯇꯦꯜ		labioalveolar		alveololabial		linguolabial		labiolingual		dental		interdental		dentoalveolar		bialveolar		alveolar		postalveolar		retroflex		palatoalveolar		close palatoalveolar		alveolopalatal		palatal		post-palatal		velar		post-velar		uvular		pharyngeal		epiglottal		glottal		post glottal		bidental		velopharyngeal
ꯅꯥꯀꯣꯡꯒꯤ			m̥	m					ɱ̊	ɱ					m̼̊	m̼			n̪̊	n̪							n̥	n			ɳ̊	ɳ					ȵ̥	ȵ	ɲ̊	ɲ			ŋ̊	ŋ
plosive			p	b					p̪	b̪					p̼	b̼			t̪	d̪							t	d			ʈ	ɖ					ȶ	ȡ	c	ɟ			k	ɡ			q	ɢ			ʡ		ʔ
sibilant affricate															p̼s̼	b̼z̼
non-sibilant affricate
sibilant fricative																											s	z
non-sibilant fricative			ɸ	ꞵ			f͆	v͆	f	v									θ	ð	θ̪͆	ð̪͆	θ͆	ð͆
sibilant nasal fricative
non-sibilant nasal fricative
sibilant approximant
non-sibilant approximant
sibilant nasal approximant
non-sibilant nasal approximant
flap
fricative flap
trill
fricative trill

ꯚꯣꯋꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡ

	far-front	front	near-front	central	near-back	back	far-back
far-close
close		i • y		ɨ • ʉ		ɯ • u
near-close			ɪ • ʏ	ᵻ • ᵿ	ɯ̽ • ʊ
close-mid		e • ø		ɘ • ɵ		ɤ • o
mid				ə
open-mid		ɛ • œ		ɜ • ɞ		ʌ • ɔ
near-open		æ		ɐ
open		a • ɶ				ɑ • ɒ
far-open