ꯁꯣꯃꯁ꯭ꯀꯟꯗ

ꯁꯣꯃꯁ꯭ꯀꯟꯗ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯤꯟꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯢꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯁꯣꯃꯁ꯭ꯀꯥꯟꯗ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯤꯟꯗꯨ ꯙꯔꯝꯃꯗꯥ ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯏꯁ꯭ꯕꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯚꯒꯕꯥꯟ ꯁꯤꯕꯀꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯚꯒꯕꯥꯟ ꯁꯤꯕꯕꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯕꯤ ꯗꯦꯕꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯕꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯚꯒꯕꯥꯟ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯥꯟꯗꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯀꯄꯨ ꯃꯨꯔꯨꯒꯟ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯀꯥꯔꯇꯤꯀꯦꯌ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥꯁꯨ ꯀꯧꯏ꯫ "ꯁꯣꯃꯁ꯭ꯀꯥꯟꯗ" ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯥ ꯃꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯍꯨꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯀꯄꯅꯤ: “ꯁꯣ” ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯕ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯅꯤ, “ꯃꯥ” ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯔꯕꯇꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ “ꯁ꯭ꯀꯥꯟꯗ” ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯏꯃꯨꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯨꯟꯅꯥ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯈꯥ ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯀꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯉꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯇꯥꯃꯤꯜ ꯅꯥꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯝꯅꯩ꯫ ꯁꯣꯃꯁ꯭ꯀꯥꯟꯗ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅꯥ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄꯥ ꯁꯤꯡꯍꯥꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯄꯦꯗꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯐꯝꯂꯒꯥ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ꯫ ꯚꯒꯕꯥꯟ ꯁꯤꯕꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯤꯖꯅꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯥꯟꯇꯤ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯎꯏ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯈꯨꯠ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯈꯨꯠ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯗꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯈꯨꯠ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯗꯥꯃꯥꯔꯨ ꯀꯧꯕꯥ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄꯥ ꯗ꯭ꯔꯨꯝ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯃ꯭ꯌꯨꯖꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯤꯗꯝ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯗꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ꯫ ꯈꯨꯠ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯚꯛꯇꯁꯤꯡꯕꯨ ꯉꯥꯀꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯊꯧꯖꯥꯜ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ, ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯥ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯈꯨꯠꯅꯥ ꯊꯧꯅꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯉ꯭ꯒꯜ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯃꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯤ꯫ ꯗꯦꯕꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯕꯇꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯦꯃꯍꯧꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯃꯤꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤꯕꯥ ꯎꯕꯥ ꯐꯪꯏ꯫ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯄꯗ꯭ꯝ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯊꯧꯖꯥꯂꯒꯤ ꯏꯉ꯭ꯒꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯚꯒꯕꯥꯟ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯥꯟꯗꯕꯨ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯐꯝꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯂꯦꯞꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄꯥ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯁꯛꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯇꯥꯀꯄꯥ ꯚꯦꯜ ꯀꯧꯕꯥ ꯂꯥꯟꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯊꯝꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯏꯃꯨꯡ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯅꯥ ꯄꯨꯟꯅꯥ ꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤꯕꯥ, ꯉꯥꯀꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ꯫ ꯁꯣꯃꯁ꯭ꯀꯥꯟꯗꯕꯨ ꯈꯨꯔꯨꯃꯖꯕꯅꯥ ꯏꯃꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯅꯨꯡꯉꯥꯏꯕꯥ, ꯍꯀꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯥꯟꯇꯤ ꯄꯨꯔꯀꯏ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯥꯖꯩ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯗꯥ ꯏꯃꯨꯡ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯒꯨꯟ, ꯃꯃꯥ-ꯃꯄꯥꯕꯨ ꯏꯀꯥꯏ ꯈꯨꯝꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯁ꯭ꯕꯔꯗꯥ ꯀꯠꯊꯣꯀꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯁꯨ ꯇꯥꯀꯄꯤꯔꯤ꯫ ꯁꯣꯃꯁ꯭ꯀꯥꯟꯗꯥꯒꯤ ꯀꯂꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯉꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯜꯄꯆꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯦꯟꯇꯤꯡ ꯀꯌꯥꯗꯥ ꯎꯕꯥ ꯐꯪꯏ꯫ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯆꯠꯄꯥ ꯈꯨꯗꯃꯁꯤꯡꯗꯤ ꯇꯃꯤꯜ ꯅꯥꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯆꯣꯂꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯉꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯤ꯫ ꯆꯌꯣꯜ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯝꯅꯈꯤ ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯉ꯭ꯒꯜ, ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯉꯥꯀꯊꯣꯀꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯇꯥꯀꯏ꯫ ꯁꯣꯃꯁ꯭ꯀꯥꯟꯗꯥ ꯃꯨꯔꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄꯥ ꯃꯔꯣꯂꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ꯫ ꯁꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯔꯕꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯪ-ꯑꯃꯥꯟ, ꯄꯣꯠꯆꯩ, ꯖꯋꯥꯂꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯎꯕꯥ ꯐꯪꯒꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄꯥ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯥꯟꯗꯥ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕꯥ ꯃꯤꯠꯀꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯐꯖꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯝ ꯁꯥꯔꯤ꯫ ꯁꯣꯃꯁ꯭ꯀꯥꯟꯗ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯙꯔꯝꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯈꯛꯇꯥ ꯅꯠꯇꯅꯥ ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯀꯤ ꯀꯂꯆꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤ꯫ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯉꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯆꯠꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯎꯕꯗꯥ ꯁꯥꯟꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯨꯡꯉꯥꯏꯕꯥ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯏ꯫ ꯁꯣꯃꯁ꯭ꯀꯥꯟꯗꯕꯨ ꯏꯀꯥꯌ ꯈꯨꯝꯅꯕꯥ ꯎꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯉ ꯈꯔꯗꯁꯨ ꯀꯨꯝꯃꯩꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯀꯏ꯫ ꯚꯛꯇꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯗꯦꯕꯇꯥꯗꯥ ꯐꯨꯜ, ꯃꯍꯩ-ꯃꯔꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯥꯔꯊꯅꯥ ꯇꯧꯏ꯫ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯈꯔꯅꯥ ꯊꯧꯖꯥꯜ ꯐꯪꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯑꯈꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡ-ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯣꯜ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯟꯠꯔꯁꯨ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯀꯏ꯫ ꯁꯣꯃꯁ꯭ꯀꯥꯟꯗ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯁ꯭ꯕꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯃꯥꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯥ ꯅꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯄꯥꯔꯕꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯥꯟꯗꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯕꯀꯤ ꯃꯨꯔꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯗꯤꯕ꯭ꯌ ꯏꯃꯨꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯤꯡꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯜꯂꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯥ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ꯫ ꯏꯆꯝ ꯆꯝꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯕꯗꯥ, ꯁꯣꯃꯁ꯭ꯀꯥꯟꯗꯅꯥ ꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤꯕꯥ, ꯉꯥꯀꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯃꯖꯤꯡ-ꯂꯃꯇꯥꯀꯄꯥ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯔꯤꯞꯔꯖꯦꯟꯇ ꯇꯧꯔꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯕꯕꯨ ꯃꯤꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤ, ꯊꯧꯅꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯚꯛꯇꯤꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯍꯤꯡꯅꯕꯥ ꯇꯝꯕꯤꯔꯤ꯫ ꯉꯁꯤ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕꯥ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯌꯥꯅꯥ ꯚꯒꯕꯥꯟ ꯁꯤꯕꯀꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯈꯨꯔꯨꯃꯖꯔꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯈꯥ-ꯚꯥꯔꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯄꯥꯟ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯀꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯀꯂꯥ, ꯀꯂꯆꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯥꯖꯕꯥ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫^[꯱]^[꯲]^[꯳]

ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯂꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ

↑ Moore, Albert C. (1977). Iconography of Religions: An Introduction. Chris Robertson. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-8006-0488-2.
↑ Huntington, Susan L.; Huntington, John C. (1 January 2014). The Art of Ancient India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 310. ISBN 978-81-208-3617-4.
↑ Kulke, Hermann; Sahu, Bhairabi Prasad (13 January 2022). The Routledge Handbook of the State in Premodern India. Taylor & Francis. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-000-48514-1.

[1] Moore, Albert C. (1977). Iconography of Religions: An Introduction. Chris Robertson. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-8006-0488-2.

[2] Huntington, Susan L.; Huntington, John C. (1 January 2014). The Art of Ancient India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 310. ISBN 978-81-208-3617-4.

[3] Kulke, Hermann; Sahu, Bhairabi Prasad (13 January 2022). The Routledge Handbook of the State in Premodern India. Taylor & Francis. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-000-48514-1.

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