ꯁꯤꯟ-ꯁꯥꯔꯣꯜ ꯅꯩꯅꯕ: ꯑꯃꯨꯛꯍꯟꯕꯥ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛ

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ꯂꯩ ꯏ ১২: ꯂꯩ ꯏ ১২:


ꯁꯤꯟ-ꯁꯥꯔꯣꯜ ꯅꯩꯅꯕ ꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯝꯅ ꯆꯝꯕ ꯑꯔꯥꯏꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯕꯗ ꯑꯔꯤꯕ [[Wt/mni/ꯃꯊꯥꯏ-ꯊꯥꯏꯅ|ꯃꯊꯥꯏ ꯊꯥꯏꯅ]] ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯕꯅ ꯈꯥꯝꯕꯤ-ꯃꯩ ꯈꯥꯝꯕꯤ-ꯃꯩ ꯕꯨ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯍꯩꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯆꯝꯕ ꯈꯨꯠꯁꯨ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯫
ꯁꯤꯟ-ꯁꯥꯔꯣꯜ ꯅꯩꯅꯕ ꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯝꯅ ꯆꯝꯕ ꯑꯔꯥꯏꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯕꯗ ꯑꯔꯤꯕ [[Wt/mni/ꯃꯊꯥꯏ-ꯊꯥꯏꯅ|ꯃꯊꯥꯏ ꯊꯥꯏꯅ]] ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯕꯅ ꯈꯥꯝꯕꯤ-ꯃꯩ ꯈꯥꯝꯕꯤ-ꯃꯩ ꯕꯨ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯍꯩꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯆꯝꯕ ꯈꯨꯠꯁꯨ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

==ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡ-ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟ,ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯟꯅꯤꯌꯥꯔꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯤꯟ-ꯁꯥꯔꯣꯜ ꯅꯩꯅꯕ==
[[File:Zoom lunette ardente.jpg|thumb|[[Antoine Lavoisier]] conducting an experiment with combustion generated by amplified sun light]]
The distinction between science, engineering, and technology is not always clear. [[ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡ-ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟ|ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡ-ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟ]] is systematic knowledge of the physical or material world gained through observation and experimentation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/science|title=Science|last=|first=|date=2016|website=Dictionary.com|publisher=|access-date=November 7, 2016}}</ref> Technologies are not usually exclusively products of science, because they have to satisfy requirements such as [[utility]], [[usability]], and [[safety]].{{Citation needed|reason=This implies that some technologies are not product of science if they have utility, that seems wrong|date=August 2017}}

Engineering is the [[goal-oriented]] process of designing and making tools and systems to exploit natural phenomena for practical human means, often (but not always) using results and techniques from science. The development of technology may draw upon many fields of knowledge, including scientific, engineering, [[mathematics|mathematical]], [[language|linguistic]], and [[history|historical]] knowledge, to achieve some practical result.

Technology is often a consequence of science and engineering, although technology as a human activity precedes the two fields. For example, science might study the flow of [[electron]]s in [[electrical conductor]]s by using already-existing tools and knowledge. This new-found knowledge may then be used by engineers to create new tools and machines such as [[semiconductor]]s, [[computer]]s, and other forms of advanced technology. In this sense, scientists and engineers may both be considered technologists; the three fields are often considered as one for the purposes of research and reference.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.intute.ac.uk/sciences/ |title=Intute: Science, Engineering and Technology |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher=[[Intute]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217141847/http://www.intute.ac.uk/sciences/ |archive-date=17 February 2007 |dead-url=yes |accessdate=17 February 2007 |df= }}</ref>

The exact relations between science and technology in particular have been debated by scientists, historians, and policymakers in the late 20th century, in part because the debate can inform the funding of basic and applied science. In the immediate wake of [[World War II]], for example, it was widely considered in the United States that technology was simply "applied science" and that to fund basic science was to reap technological results in due time. An articulation of this philosophy could be found explicitly in [[Vannevar Bush]]'s treatise on postwar science policy, ''Science – The Endless Frontier'': "New products, new industries, and more jobs require continuous additions to knowledge of the laws of nature&nbsp;... This essential new knowledge can be obtained only through basic scientific research."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/nsf50/vbush1945.htm#summary|title=Science the Endless Frontier|last=Bush|first=Vannevar|date=July 1945|website=|publisher=National Science Foundation|access-date=November 7, 2016}}</ref> In the late-1960s, however, this view came under direct attack, leading towards initiatives to fund science for specific tasks (initiatives resisted by the scientific community). The issue remains contentious, though most analysts resist the model that technology simply is a result of scientific research.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wise|first=George|year=1985|title=Science and Technology|journal=Osiris (2nd Series)|volume=1|pages=229–46|doi=10.1086/368647|postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> ꯫




==ꯁꯤꯖꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯉꯨ==
==ꯁꯤꯖꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯉꯨ==

꯰꯸:꯳꯹, ꯱꯴ ꯖꯥꯅꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯲꯰꯲꯱ ꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯌꯦꯡꯕ

ꯃꯅꯤꯜꯅ ꯎꯨꯡꯍꯟꯕ ꯀꯥꯡꯈꯣꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯨꯝ ꯍꯥꯡꯗꯣꯛꯅꯨ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯈꯣꯡ ꯁꯤ ꯅ ꯃꯩ ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯔꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯉꯁꯤ-ꯉꯁꯤꯃꯛ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯍꯤꯡꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯥꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯩ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯒ ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫[꯱] ꯃꯩ ꯐꯪꯍꯟꯕꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯅꯊꯥꯖꯩ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯲꯰ ꯁꯨꯕ ꯆꯥꯍꯤ ꯆꯥꯗ ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯟꯅꯤꯌꯥꯔꯤꯡ ꯗ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯍꯟꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯅꯩ ꯫

ꯁꯤꯟ-ꯁꯥꯔꯣꯜ ꯅꯩꯅꯕ (Technology in english) ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯈꯨꯠ ꯁꯥ ꯍꯩꯕꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡ-ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟ, ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯇꯨꯅ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯄ, ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡꯕ, ꯁꯤꯜꯂꯝ, ꯌꯦꯛ-ꯈꯣꯠꯄ, ꯈꯨꯠ ꯁꯥ ꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡꯍꯟꯕ ꯃꯌꯥꯝꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯈꯡꯅꯩ ꯫[꯲] ꯁꯤꯟ-ꯁꯥꯔꯣꯜ ꯅꯩꯅꯕ(Technology) ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯖꯦꯀꯣꯕ ꯕꯤꯖꯤꯂꯣ(Jacob Bigelow) ꯅ ꯀꯨꯝꯖꯥ ꯱꯸꯲꯹ ꯗ ꯆꯞꯆꯥꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯒ ꯃꯥꯟꯅ: ꯀꯔꯤꯅ ꯊꯣꯛꯍꯟꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯧꯅꯣ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯉꯝꯕ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ(Principle) ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯕꯛꯀꯤ ꯄꯔꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡ(Process) ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯊꯣꯟꯕ(Nomenclature) ꯌꯥꯝ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯆꯠꯂꯕ ꯈꯨꯠꯁꯥ ꯍꯩꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯅꯨꯡ ꯆꯟꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡ-ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯈꯨꯅꯥꯏꯗ ꯄꯨꯁꯤꯟꯂꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯗ ꯀꯥꯅꯍꯟꯕ ꯫ [꯳] [꯴]

  • ꯀꯔꯤꯅ ꯊꯣꯛꯍꯟꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯧꯅꯣ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯉꯝꯕ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ(Principle) ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯁꯤ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯆꯞꯆꯥꯅ ꯃꯦꯔꯤꯌꯝ-ꯋꯦꯕꯃꯨꯁꯇꯔ ꯅ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯈꯔꯦ [꯵] ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ: "a comprehensive and fundamental law, doctrine, or assumption", "a primary source", "the laws or facts of nature underlying the working of an artificial device", "an ingredient (such as a chemical) that exhibits or imparts a characteristic quality".[꯶]
  • ꯊꯕꯛꯀꯤ ꯄꯔꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡ(Process) is a term defined current-day by the United States Patent Laws (United States Code Title 34 - Patents)[꯷] published by the United States Patent and Trade Office (USPTO)[꯸] as follows: "The term 'process' means process, art, or method, and includes a new use of a known process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, or material."[꯹]
  • ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯊꯣꯟꯕ(Nomenclature) is term defined by Merriam-Webster[꯱꯰] as: "name, designation", "the act or process or an instance of naming", "a system or set of terms or symbols especially in a particular science, discipline, or art" [꯱꯱].
  • ꯂꯩꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ(Application of Science) is a term defined current-day by the United States' National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine[꯱꯲] as: "...any use of scientific knowledge for a specific purpose, whether to do more science; to design a product, process, or medical treatment; to develop a new technology; or to predict the impacts of human actions."[꯱꯳]

ꯁꯤꯟ-ꯁꯥꯔꯣꯜ ꯅꯩꯅꯕ ꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯝꯅ ꯆꯝꯕ ꯑꯔꯥꯏꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯕꯗ ꯑꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯊꯥꯏ ꯊꯥꯏꯅ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯕꯅ ꯈꯥꯝꯕꯤ-ꯃꯩ ꯈꯥꯝꯕꯤ-ꯃꯩ ꯕꯨ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯍꯩꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯆꯝꯕ ꯈꯨꯠꯁꯨ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

ꯁꯤꯖꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯉꯨ

ꯂꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ

  1. ↑ http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=900%7Ctitle=Electricity in Economic Growth|first=|publisher=National Academies Press|year=1986|isbn=0309036771|location=Washington, DC|pages=16, 40|quote=|postscript=|via=|last1=National Research Council; Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences; Energy Engineering Board; Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems; Committee on Electricity in Economic Growth
  2. ↑ Liddell (1980). A Greek-English Lexicon (Abridged Edition). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199102074. 
  3. ↑ https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/emolument
  4. ↑ https://books.google.ca/books?id=ed8JAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Bigelow,+Jacob.+1829.+Elements+of+Technology&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwifiKPg1PbaAhVP5mMKHUPSC5QQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=Bigelow%2C%20Jacob.%201829.%20Elements%20of%20Technology&f=false
  5. ↑ https://www.merriam-webster.com/
  6. ↑ https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/principle
  7. ↑ https://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/consolidated_laws.pdf
  8. ↑ https://www.uspto.gov/
  9. ↑ https://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/consolidated_laws.pdf
  10. ↑ https://www.merriam-webster.com/
  11. ↑ https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nomenclature
  12. ↑ http://www.nationalacademies.org/
  13. ↑ https://www.nap.edu/read/13165/chapter/12
"https://mni.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ꯁꯤꯟ-ꯁꯥꯔꯣꯜ_ꯅꯩꯅꯕ&oldid=6882" ꯃꯐꯝꯗꯨꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯈꯠꯂꯛꯄꯥ